Is Entrepreneurship A Entrepreneurial Career Essay

With the growing importance of entrepreneurship within today’s business industry it is of upmost importance to understand the motivations and intentions of individuals wanting to pursue an entrepreneurial career as this now accounts for X of the population and X% of income. Its apparent from the literature that â€Å"significant differences exist in the levels of entrepreneurial activity across countries† (Pinillo Reyes, 2011) and existing research addresses the question as to why some countries have more entrepreneurs than others, a main answer to this question has been the one regarding the economic climate of the particular country, however this focus solely on economic explanations majorly â€Å"underexposes the role of culture† (Brown Ulijn, 2004). It would seem meaningless to ignore this factor as something that influences the level of entrepreneurship between different countries as â€Å"the rate or level of entrepreneurship at the societal level depen ds upon the opportunities provided by the environment and these aspects are influenced by †¦ culture† (Brown Ulijn, 2004). Whilst much of the literature has focused on economic reasons for differences in entrepreneurship activity, it is suggested by Pinillo Reyes (2011) that â€Å"culture, more than economic variables† plays a key role in explaining these differences. In particular, there is a â€Å"lack of research across different cultures† (Lià ±an, et al., 2013) therefore an absence of comparative studies reviewing the differencesShow MoreRelatedThe Academy Of Business And Entrepreneurship Charter School1408 Words   |  6 PagesI. 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As of 2006, only 51% of new business ventures make it past five years (Parsley Djukic, 2010). With this inRead MoreEntrepreneurship Education Of Chemical Engineering1591 Words   |  7 PagesEntrepreneurship Education in Chemical Engineering Economic trends and rapidly changing hiring conventions are fueling a rapid expansion in value awareness of entrepreneurship education to engineering students. Each year, a growing proportion of the two hundred thousand engineering graduates find work in small businesses or start-up ventures, eliciting a new type of engineer, an entrepreneurial engineer, who needs a broad range of skills and knowledge above and beyond a strong science and engineeringRead MoreThe Theory Of Entrepreneurship As A Key Lever For Growth Restoration And Job Creation1134 Words   |  5 Pagesan entrepreneurship-friendly environment, which continues to constrain Greece’s ability to emerge from the crisis. 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Personal, sociological and environmental antecedents experienced by an individual and the consequences of these antecedents are critical in determining whether that individual has the capacity to become an entrepreneurRead MoreFactors That Can Promote or Hinder Enterpreneurship1492 Words   |  6 PagesLIST AND EXPLAIN FACTORS THAT CAN PROMOTE OR HINDER ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur is a person who starts an enterprise. He searches for change and responds to it. A number of definitions have been given of an entrepreneur- The economists view him as a fourth factor of production along with land labour and capital. To put it very simply an entrepreneur is someone who perceives opportunity, organizes resources needed for exploiting that opportunity and exploits it. 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Latin America’s Problems Result of Violent History Free Essays

Latin America’s Problems: Result of Violent History? History plays a role in the problems of any nation, and for that matter in the lives  of individual people.   Does this mean that a country or person is fated to an inevitable  future that is colored mostly by its past?   To some degree the answer is yes, but to take  any particular feature of a society’s past, namely violence in this instance, and thrust the  whole burden of responsibility upon it may be irresponsible, in and of itself, in a sincere  quest to ameliorate and ultimately eradicate the problematic issues that need to be  resolved. If we do want to attribute the current state of affairs in Latin America to its  violent history, we also need to understand the nature and genesis of that violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Latin America’s Problems: Result of Violent History? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many  countries, including the USA, achieved independence through wars and violence, but we  do not cite our current problems on the American Revolution or the Civil War which was  violence amongst our own people. The source of violence can be a key to understanding  how the countries of Latin America and their people have not recovered from the nature of the  violence they endured. When wars are fought to expunge a common enemy there is a feeling of  camaraderie and nationalism to have fought and won not only against a common enemy,  but against the very evil represented by that enemy. This mindset unites people and  solidifies belief systems, ethics, and morals so necessary to the success and continued  success of civilizations and their governments. What happens, however, when the  violence is perpetrated by the very institution that is supposed to be the bulwark of good,  and when the violence is perpetrated by this institution against the very people that look  to it for their protection? Chasteen says that â€Å" At the most basic level, conquest is always about  exploitation.† (p.58). Although we do not always think of the process of religious  conversion as conquest,   perhaps we should give this careful consideration. Chasteen  seems to agree with this as he goes on to say that â€Å"Most Spanish and Portugeuse people  that came to the Americas in the early 1500s believed that spreading the â€Å"true religion†,  even by force, was a good thing.† (p. 58). The kind of religion that the Catholic Church  brought to the Americas in the early 1500s was a perfect example of non  church/government separation. â€Å"To sin against Catholic teachings was, in many cases, a criminal  offense.† (p.70). The Catholic Church did not merely have a religious presence in Latin America.  They controlled it.   Chasteen summarizes some of what Las Casas had to say about the control of Catholicism. â€Å"The reason for the death and destruction of so many souls at   Christian  hands†¦was simple greed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 60).  To further substantiate the demonstration of evil by the Catholic Church take a  look at an excerpt from Brief account of the devastation of the Indies by Las Casas referred to  by Chasteen as   A brief account of the destruction of the Indies, (p. 61) a translational title  difference of the same work:   â€Å" After the wars and the killings had   ended, when usually there  survived only some boys, some women, and children, these survivors were distributed among the  Christians to be slaves. The repartimiento or distribution was made according to the rank and  importance of the Christian to whom the Indians were allocated, one of them being given thirty,  another forty, still another, one or two hundred, and besides the rank of the Christian there was  also to be considered in what favor he stood with the tyr ant they called Governor. The  pretext was that these allocated Indians were to be instructed in the articles of the  Christian Faith. As if those Christians who were as a rule foolish and cruel and  greedy and vicious could be caretakers of souls! And the care they took was to send the  men to the mines to dig for gold, which is intolerable labor, and to send the women into the  fields of the big ranches to hoe and till the land, work suitable for strong men. Nor to either the  men or the women did they give any food except herbs and legumes, things of little substance.  The milk in the breasts of the women with infants dried up and thus in a short while the infants  perished. And since men and women were separated, there could be no marital relations. And the  men died in the mines and the women died on the ranches from the same causes, exhaustion and  hunger. And thus was depopulated that island which had been densely populated.† (http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/02-las.html). Although these are blatant examples of destruction, Chasteen also cites a more insidious  example the Church exercised, such as hegemony defined as â€Å" the basic principle of social  control in which a ruling class dominates others ideologically, with a minimum of physical force,  by making its dominance seem natural and inevitable.† (p. 325). â€Å"Religion offers one of the  clearest examples of cultural hegemony.† (p.69).   Even more dangerous than outright  exploitation, this creeps into the very fabric of the psyche of a people and carries over throughout  generations. As Chasteen points out, â€Å"When they accept the principle of their own  inferiority†¦they participate in their own subjugation.† (p.69).   The subjugation continued through history as Caudillos, rich landowners, were â€Å"the  party’s national leaders†Ã‚   (p. 124) in post colonial days.   In the neo colonial period from 1880-  1930, (p. 180), Latin America was still subjugated, but instead by cultures that had brought  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Progress† from other countries. The late 1800s saw â€Å"dicatorships or oligartchies.† (p.192). During the time of   the US overtake of Cuba in the early 1900s we see the incendiary racistattitudes prevail, as Teddy Roosevelt coins the term â€Å"dago† for Latins. (p. 201). Right up until  the present day   it appears that Latins have never risen above the station that was thrust upon  them by the Church from the beginning.The book has opened my eyes to many injustices in Latin American history that I was  unaware existed and has provided food for thought as to the reasons Latin Americans seem to be  a problematic people. It is indeed, not the injustices in and of themselves, but the so called  Christian perpetrators of such injustices that give the history and the present fate of Latin  America such a fatalistic outlook and prognosis. Despite all of this and probably because of the  hegemony, it has happened without notice but it is interesting to note that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Latin America has  always been Catholic, but now the majority of the world’s Catholics are Latin American.†Ã‚  (p. 320). At the end of the book Chasteen asks what the future will bring. (p.321).   He does not  provide an answer but it makes one wonder if   the subjugation can ever really end. Like a child  abused by a parent over years and years of time,   the Church ‘s abuse in the growing and  formative years of Latin America have left scars that will last an eternity. References Chasteen, J.C. Born in blood and fire. A concise history of Latin America De Las Casas, B. Brief account of the devastation of the Indies. (1542). Retrieved from http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/02-las.html on November 26, 2006. How to cite Latin America’s Problems: Result of Violent History?, Essay examples

Adoption Essay Example For Students

Adoption Essay AdoptionWhen a person decides to adopt, he takes the responsibility of raising a child who is not biologically his own. There are various reasons why people decide to adopt. Some say adoption is the best thing for certain children and many successful stories prove it to be true. However, there are also numerous tragic reports of adopted children being abused. Basically, what adoption meant, and still means, is that someone (the adoptive couple) is promising to assume all responsibilities for taking care of someone else (Powledge 4). How the adoptive parents go about raising the child is completely up to them. Although there are many different types of families in todays society, one special kind of family that has become more and more common are the families created through adoption. There are various and somewhat difficult processes and laws concerning adoption. New laws are being created year after year to make this process easier and the outcome positive. Adoption is not exactly new; the idea of adopting has been around for a long time. The oldest written set of laws is the Babylonian Code of Hammarabi, which contains a long, sophisticated section on adoption (Benet 23). It is hard to pin point when and how adoption first originated but Governor Sir William Philips of Massachusetts was considered the first adoptive father in the original thirteen colonies, he adopted in 1693 (Academic XXI). Americans adopt more than 100,000 kids a year (Harnack 13). This may seem like a large number of adoptive families but there are still over 400,000 kids left in foster care or in shelters. With this in mind it seems like Americans should be desperate to place the homeless kids in a family. But through trial and error it has become known that only certain families should be allowed to adopt and in some cases kids are better off left in foster care. In 1917 Minnesota was the first state to require an agency or state welfare department to make written recommendations to court after investigation (Harnack 12). This will ensure families giving their child up for adoption that they arent giving their kid to just anyone willing to adopt. People who seem to be fit to adopt also have to be able to afford adoption. The average cost to adopt through an agency is between $5,000 to $6,000 (Baldwin 23). Many parents take risks and allow their kids to be open for adoption to anyone the laws deem appropriate. But approximately 75% of adoptions were the kind where parents give guardianship to another family member (Powledge 23). Although the costs do seem outrageous, the reasons behind a parents decision to give kids up for adoption are pretty simple. Some pressures to give a baby up for adoption include: unmarried, the need to finish school, financial problems, or the feeling of not being able to be a proper parent (Powledge 44). It would be hard to tell whether one made the right decision by choosing to give her kid up for adoption until years after the process took place. And even then one couldnt truly compare both families, adoptive vs. biological. Although many parents realize giving their kid up for adoption is the best decision, some young girls have been persuaded to keep their baby by a social worker instead of giving it up (Benet 179). And in some cases a girl not able to care for her baby keeps him anyway, causing more problems in the long run (Benet 177). All a kid needs is to have a place to call home and people they can get attached to. From the beginning of the recorded history of adoption, t he idea behind the practice was to protect children who, for one reason or another were without protection (Powledge 6). When someone does adopt a child they make a commitment. When a couple decides to adopt they assume all responsibilities for taking care of someone else (Powledge 4). .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a , .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .postImageUrl , .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a , .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:hover , .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:visited , .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:active { border:0!important; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:active , .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued322fc6403f9668347763616fc8457a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Suspicions EssaySome say the decision to adopt is a good one, but there are many success stories as well as horror stories related to adoption. There is a broad range of feelings and attitudes among adoptees, depending on the temperament and personal situation of each child and family (Krementz IX). There have been many various surveys taken concerning adoptees. Times reported various horror stories concerning adoption. Some stories include children being poisoned, a child being shaken to death, and children being sexually abused (Gay 89). Unfortunately these are just a few examples of many. Adoptees often suffer from attachment disorders, which are more common in older children. These disorders caused by adoption are extremely noticeable and should be taken seriously. These unattached kids often experience unresponsiveness to affection, serious problems with hoarding or stealing food, abnormal eye contact problems, often thinking about blood or fire, and are often overfriendly to strangers (Adamec 73). Also identity and self-image problems are a major cause of distress to adopted children (Harnack 21). Counseling and therapy are highly recommended to help kids deal with these disorders. Even though there are numerous negative stories about adopted kids, there are also lots of success stories. Either way the adoptive parents are totally responsible for the outcome of all situations concerning the child they decide to adopt. Families may have different structures but they are all responsible for providing basic needs (Foster 99). Adoptive parents and biological parents are both fully capable of providing all the basic needs. Some people see adoption as a cruel decision an irresponsible parent makes. Others realize the majority of adopted kids are better off not having their biological parents as their guardian. It is slowly being recognized that the theory of fostering goes against reality of living with young children (Benet 190). With this fact in mind, it is obvious that the adoption rate will continue to increase. Although there are many cases showing a negative outcome to adoption, they seem to always have a higher rate of positive outcomes. The American Academy of Adoption Attorneys, formed in 1990, has a goal to improve adoption laws and agencies (Academic 45). With organizations like this being involved, Americans will have the reassurance that the increase in the number of adoptions will also mean an increase in children being placed in better families.

The Muses free essay sample

The Romans believed in the ancient Muses, the gods of inspiration and talent, descending upon mortals to guide them in writing, painting, sculpting, fighting, you name it, it was a nifty little muse tapping into the human mind. I understand this proposal. The sudden urges one gets to do something, the path to success is not always a thing of design or intention, it just sort of happens. People find what they are nasty at accidentally, of pure fluke, of pure unwonted desire; it is a burning passion to do something that makes absolutely no sense whatsoever. These are the flings of the night. The callings of the deep the inner beast, the inner intelligence, sprung out of nothing towards the elusive something. The muses should be followed, some say. Others maintain that they are things of evil, twisting obsessions that pull you away from responsibility and true devotion to the just causes of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Muses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Suppose for a moment that they could be both, both benevolent and evil muses, the desires that string us along the various pathways of life. Think then on this, emotions drive us to say illogical things, pheromones detail for us the urges of our body. Physical demands to eat, drink, reproduce, raise our young, love our families all guide us in our choices and desires. These are not muses. Muses take on another form of desire all together. These are the desires that allow man to stand out as an individual, as a successful and â€Å"fulfilled† man. We listen to these muses to acquire glory, prestige, fame, the same road to the high pedestal that all fight along. This path is of the evil design. It is structured to distract us from the real meaning, the real understanding. Understanding, of course, is a different stipulation for all of man, and cannot be found in one’s self by reading or learning. It can be helped along, but never fully realized in full effect, the belief and holdings of one’s personal self. So how do we find the good muses? The healthy muse that encourages us to find self identity, the foundation of individual serenity we all must acquire to develop any kind of security, and acceptance on life in our own unique intelligence. Passion can be a hindrance and a rush towards the uncovering of the individual. It is the undefined urgings we should strive to grow, the secret little fascinations that should be opened and watered in full sunlight. Every facet of a humanity can be studied and written, but only the individual can fully realize the muse of serenity on the within.

Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization

Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization Abstract Human activities continue to threaten the purity of water by releasing pollutants from industries and domestic water usage. When phosphates in aqueous solutions gain access into water bodies, they lead to the abnormal growth of algae, which reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Therefore, phosphates in aqueous solutions must be reduced before the solutions are released into water bodies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, high phosphate prices necessitate techniques that enable the recycling of phosphates. One method of removing phosphates from aqueous solutions involves the formation of struvite, a complex salt made of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. Struvite crystallization requires an alkaline pH between 8 and 10 and temperatures between 20 oC and 25 oC. A delicate balance in the quantities of key ions such as magnesium, phosphate and ammonium is necessary for the success of the method. Therefore, the process can be modified through the addition of the deficient ions. Various studies report success of the method with varying quantities of phosphates recovered as struvite from different aqueous solutions. The recovered struvite is commonly applied as fertilizer thereby recycling phosphates. Therefore, it can be concluded that phosphate removal through struvite crystallization is an economical and efficient recovering phosphates from aqueous solutions. Introduction Domestic water use and industrial activities lead to the production of aqueous solutions in the form of wastewater, which hold certain quantities of useful elements, for instance, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen. However, these substances have a negative impact on the aquatic environment when present at high concentrations. Therefore, it is important to safeguard the integrity of water bodies by ensuring that the se elements do not gain access into water bodies at lethal concentrations. Several techniques have been developed to reduce the amount of phosphates in aqueous solutions before they are discharged into water bodies. This paper looks at struvite crystallization as a method of phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. Phosphate Chemistry Le Corre et al. describe a phosphate as a salt formed from phosphoric acid [1]. Phosphates can also exist as organic compounds in the form of organophosphates, which are esters of phosphoric acid. The phosphate ion comprises five atoms, which are a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms arranged in a tetrahedral fashion with the phosphorus atom enclosed by the oxygen atoms.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The chemical formula of the phosphate ion is written as PO43-. The molecular weight of this radical is equivalent to 94.97 grams per mole. The creation of a phosphate compound entails the addition of an atom with a positive charge to the phosphate radical, which possesses a negative charge. As a result, an ionic complex is produced. The precise solubility of phosphates relies on the positively charged atom that combines with the phosphate anion. For example, phosphates of alkali metals (rubidium, cesium, potassium, and sodium) as well as ammonium are soluble in water. The phosphates of other metals only show solubility to a limited extent. Sources of Phosphates The element phosphorus exists naturally in the form of phosphates, which are present in rocks. The pure form of phosphorus is usually obtained from mined phosphate rocks. Capdevielle et al. indicate that approximately 90% of all the mined phosphorus is used in farming as synthetic fertilizers due to the importance of phosphates to the health of flora and fauna [2]. The remaining 10% of phosphorus is used in industrial applications such as the manufacture of detergents (sodium tripolyphosphates- Na5P3O10), production of safety matches, gasoline additives, plastics, and transistors in electronic gadgets. A small fraction is used as food supplements as well as in the production of phosphate salts. The phosphate salts are used by clinicians to treat low phosphate levels in the blood and to counter the effect of excessive blood calcium levels. Other medical uses of phosphate salts are as a laxative and antacid. Therefore, urine tends to have significant quantities of phosphates. Most of the industrial processes release their effluents into water bodies such as lakes and rivers. These effluents often lead to detrimental effects on animals living in these water bodies. The domestic use of detergents releases phosphates into water bodies via drainage pipes, which further exacerbates the problem of phosphate pollution. In addition, the natural process of decomposition of organic substances releases significant quantities of phosphorus into t he surroundings. The naturally occurring sources of phosphates such as fluorapatite may leach and release phosphates into water bodies. Wastewater treatment plants also release substantial amounts of phosphates into the environment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Harmful Effects of Phosphates Surface runoff of phosphates from agricultural lands, domestic water use and industries causes the eutrophication of water bodies. US EPA explains that eutrophication arises when algae present in water bodies grow at a rate much faster than is safe for a balanced ecosystem [3]. As a result, the water body becomes clogged with algae as well as other green plants that gradually turn the water body into a swamp and ultimately into a meadow. Eutrophication also affects the animals that live in the water. According to Mylavarapu [4], the excessi ve plant growth leads to a deficit of oxygen resulting in the suffocation (anoxia) of aquatic animals. In humans, excessive consumption of phosphates in food or as supplements leads to complications in patients with renal failure due to the spontaneous crystallization of phosphates as struvite hence causing bladder stones. Removal of Phosphates According to Le Corre et al. [1], the harmful effects of phosphates in water bodies have led to the formulation of regulations to monitor the quantities of phosphates that are allowed into water bodies. Wastewater treatment plants are usually responsible for the detoxification of aqueous solutions in the form of wastewater. However, most of these plants receive wastewater that contains phosphates at levels that surpass the maximum allowable limits. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the quantities of phosphates in effluents from various processes before discharge into water bodies. Consequently, a number of techniques that remove phosphates have been devised. These methods include physical, biological and chemical methods. Physical methods of phosphate removal include filtration to get rid of particulate phosphates. Filtration is efficient if a large proportion of the total suspended solids comprises phosphates. The wastewater is passed through sand or membranes. Membranes have an added advantage of removing dissolved phosphates in addition to the particulate phosphates. Membrane bioreactors, tertiary membrane filtration and reverse osmosis structures have been developed.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chemical methods include precipitation and crystallization. In precipitation, certain elements are added to the wastewater at different points. These elements react with phosphate ions forming insoluble phosphate salts that are removed by filtration or crystallization. Precipitation is thought to remove phosphates to levels between 0.005 and 0.04 mg per litre of wastewater. However, the key disadvantage of precipitation is that it increases the amount of sludge produced. A novel technique is the elimination of phosphates with the formation of struvite, which is a white crystalline solid. Struvite is a compound produced by the unprompted combination of ammonium, magnesium and phosphates in equimolar quantities. The following equation illustrates the chemical reaction that leads to struvite formation. Mg2+ + NH4+ +HnPO43-n + 6H2O = MgNH4PO4.6H2O + nH+ Biological methods of phosphate removal include assimilation and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). During the process of a ssimilation, wastewater is put in treatment ponds containing photosynthetic plants such as algae, which have huge phosphate requirements. Wastewater is also applied to agricultural land in the course of planting seasons. EBPR uses phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) that amass polyphosphates as energy stores in specialized granules. EBPR is very effective and has the capability of attaining phosphate levels as low as 0.1 milligrams in effluent. Research Results Struvite crystallization is a method that leads to the formation of struvite, a chemical compound consisting of magnesium, aluminium and phosphate at equal concentrations. The process was named after a German geographer Heinrich Christian Gottfried von Struve who first identified it. At optimum conditions of temperature and pH, magnesium, phosphate and ammonium ions present in an aqueous solution crystallize spontaneously to form struvite. The process can also occur naturally in animal urine and seafood. Struvite crystall ization is used as a technique for eliminating phosphate ions from aquatic solutions prior to the disposal of such solutions. The process yields struvite, which is effective as manure in the agricultural sector. In addition, struvite crystallization is useful in the recycling of phosphates due to the escalating price of phosphates. Sensitive water purification processes such as reverse osmosis also benefit from struvite crystallization as a pre-treatment method for wastewater. The process has found immense applications in sewage and wastewater treatment plants. Removal of Phosphorus from Landfill Leachate and the Effect of Calcium ions on Struvite Crystallization Elimination of phosphates from an aqueous solution comprising synthetic wastewater and landfill leachate was carried out by Hassidou et al. [5] in Tunisia. The leachate was obtained from the Jbel Chakir landfill site, the biggest landfill in Tunisia that held domestic solid wastes from the greater Tunis region. Certain ions such as calcium were thought to have a significant influence on the process of struvite crystallization. The particular aspects that encountered the effect of calcium ions were the amount, shape and clarity of the commodity recovered. Therefore, the researchers aimed at investigating the process of calcium carbonate precipitation during the elimination of phosphates with struvite removal. The technique also intended to improve the cost efficiency of the method by shortening the continuous aeration time and determining the precise nucleation time for struvite. Condensed air was used to purge dissolved carbon dioxide gas from the solution thereby increasing the pH of the solution. Precipitation occurred when the conditions changed from acidic to alkaline. Figure 1: Changes in pH with time during phosphate removal with struvite formation and controlled degassing [5]. Three distinct steps were witnessed as depicted by figure 1. In the first phase, the pH rose rapidly due to the elimin ation of carbon dioxide, which lowered the acid content of the solution. A peak was attained at a pH of 8.3 followed by a steady decline (the second phase). The decline was attributed to the nucleation and enlargement of the struvite crystal. The last phase revealed a steady increase in the pH, which was because of an increase in the carbon dioxide escaping from the system. The maximum pH (8.3) was attained after seventeen minutes implying that the nucleation time and pH for struvite formation were 8.3 and 17 minutes respectively. The amount of soluble phosphorus that was present in the wastewater after 60 minutes was 1.5 millimoles and 2.6 millimoles in the leachate. Hassidou et al. [5] indicated that at the end of the run, the efficiency of phosphate removal was 61.19% in the leachate and 77.61 in synthetic wastewater. Those findings implied that impurities such as calcium ions interfered with the process of crystallization and the efficiency of the technique. Removal of Phosphate s from an Aqueous Solution from Animal Manure by Struvite Crystallization alongside Carbon Dioxide Degassing Zhang et al. [6] used a continuous U-shaped reactor in the removal of phosphates from an aqueous solution from animal manure. The reactor comprised three distinct zones namely the aeration crystallization region (1 dm3), the region of crystal growth (0.5 dm3) and the zone of crystal and supernatant separation (0.5 dm3). Figure 2: Continuous U-shaped reactor arrangement [6]. It was realized that the amount of phosphates obtained was lower (between 47% and 53%) when struvite was allowed to form spontaneously than when the wastewater was supplemented with magnesium (as MgCl2 at 57.5 mg per liter). The addition of magnesium yielded a phosphate recovery ratio of between 80% and 86%. Additionally, preformed struvite was the most effective seeding material compared to sand and stainless steel. These outcomes differed from the efficiency obtained by Hassidou et al. [5] in a similar degassing technique. However, the pH at which nucleation began was almost similar in both studies. A water extraction test revealed that the struvite obtained was very useful as a slow release fertilizer. Struvite Precipitation in Combination with Reverse Osmosis Sewage sludge was mostly treated by anaerobic digestion with biogas production. Karabegovic et al. [7] reported that the process of anaerobic digestion reduced the organic content of wastewater since the microbes involved often consumed macromolecules such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Approximately an eighth of the organic matter in wastewater was used up while a tenth was transformed into composite organic substances. The residual tenth was part of the post-digestion liquor and was accountable for the high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of such fluids. Reverse osmosis (RO) was an effective technique of ridding the post-digestion liquor of contaminants. However, its efficacy was marred by high concentrations of ammoni um ions that could not be contained by the RO membranes. Bohdziewicz and Kuglarz [8] used struvite accumulation as a pretreatment technique of post-digestion liquors prior to reverse osmosis. Struvite was removed at a temperature of 20 oC and pH of between 9.0 and 9.5, which was significantly higher than the pH used by Hassidou et al. [5], Zhang et al. [6] and Harrison et al. [9]. It was realized that the amount of ammonium ions surpassed the stoichiometric ratio required to form struvite while the concentrations of phosphate and magnesium were less than the needed amount. Therefore, Bohdziewicz and Kuglarz [8] used phosphoric acid as well as a combination of the oxide and chloride of magnesium to amend the concentrations of magnesium and phosphate ions before the crystallization. It was reported that the technique achieved a phosphate removal rate of 87% to 92% before the adjustment of the concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus. Conversely, a phosphate removal rate of between 9 8% and 99% was attained when the ratios were adjusted. The removal of COD was also affected by the form in which the magnesium ions were added. Magnesium in the form of MgO led to a higher COD removal value than the addition of Mg as MgCl2. That observation was attributed to the traits of Mg(OH)2 that led to the precipitation of dissolved organic compounds alongside struvite. The efficiency of reverse osmosis was higher following the pretreatment of post-digestion liquor by struvite removal. Figure 3: The effect of pretreatment of post-digestion liquor by struvite precipitation on reverse osmosis [8]. Continuous Reaction Crystallization of Struvite from an Aqueous Solution Containing Phosphate (V) and Nitrate (V) ions Hutnik et al. [10] investigated the removal of phosphates from solutions that contained between 0.2% and 1% of phosphates by mass and 0.0443% to 0.866% nitrate (V) ions by mass. The processes were performed in two different phases. A continuous struvite reaction cryst allization unit was operated with the concentrations of magnesium, phosphate and ammonium at stoichiometric proportions. The second phase involved a DT MSMPR crystallizer (Draft Tube, Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal) where magnesium ions were in excess by approximately 20%. The temperatures in both phases were 25 oC and the pH ranged from 9 to 11. In addition, crystallization was allowed to take place for durations between 15 minutes and one hour. Hutnik et al. [10] investigated the effect of pH and the ions on the quality of struvite crystals formed. Hutnik et al. [10] observed that as the concentration of nitrates in the aqueous solution was increased, the average size of the crystals decreased by approximately ca. 29%. In addition, there was no uniformity in the size of crystals formed. On the other hand, Hutnik et al. [10] realized that elevating the pH had a negative effect on the quality of struvite crystals formed as smaller irregular crystals were formed. It was also noted that a reduction in the concentration of phosphate ions caused an increase in the crystal size by about ca. 23%. Longer reaction times led to an increase in the size and uniformity of the crystals formed. Moreover, the elevation of the concentration of magnesium ions was found to favor struvite crystallization leading to the formation of large tubular crystals. Figure 4: Scanning electron microscope images of the crystals obtained from crystallization using 0.0886% of nitrates (a) and 0.443% of nitrates (b) [10]. Figure 5: Scanning electron microscope images showing the effect of pH and reaction time on the size of crystal formed. In (a), the conditions were pH 11 and a reaction time of 15 minutes, whereas in (b) the conditions were pH 9 and a reaction time of one hour. The concentration of nitrate (V) ions in both cases was 0.0886% [10]. Struvite Crystallization from Diluted Aqueous Solution of Phosphate (V) Ions in the Presence of Magnesium Ions Excess Kozik et al. [11] in vestigated the crystallization of struvite from an aqueous solution containing phosphate (V) ions at a concentration of 0.2 % by weight. A DT MSMPR type crystallizer was used at a temperature of 25 oC and a pH range from 8.5 to 10. Additionally, the concentration of magnesium ions surpassed the stoichiometric ratio for struvite formation by a fifth. The average residence time for the crystallization process was between 900 and 3600 seconds. Kozik et al. [11] reported that crystals of average sizes ranging from ca. 19 to ca. 3 were obtained. A pH of 8.5 for 3600 seconds yielded decently sized crystals with satisfactory homogeneity. Kozik et al. [11] reported that at those conditions, the rate of linear growth of the crystals was between 3.62 x 10-9 and 1.68 x 10-8 metres per second. The presence of excess magnesium ions during struvite crystallization improved the production of struvite. However, the quality of the crystals was somehow affected. Kozik et al. [11] reported that the co ncentration of phosphate ions in the original aqueous solution decreased from 0.2% by weight to 9-92 milligrams per kilogram of the aqueous solution implying that the process was effective in recovering phosphates from aqueous solutions. It was noted that the optimum crystallization was obtained at the same reaction conditions as those reported by Hutnik et al. [10]. Phosphate Removal by Struvite Recovery in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell Cusick and Logan reported that microbial electrolysis cells offered the most cost-effective way of struvite recovery from aqueous solutions [12]. Uninterrupted chemical supplementation and blower operations significantly increased the cost of struvite by approximately 400 dollars per ton of struvite recovered compared to about 50 dollars spent on production of phosphorus from phosphate deposits. The quantities of chemicals added contributed to about 97% of the total amount spent on struvite precipitation. Therefore, it was necessary to minimize the costs of struvite formation from wastewater to make the entire process economically viable. Microbial electrolysis cells simultaneously produced hydrogen gas and removed phosphates from wastewater without the need for chemical addition and large energy inputs. The two types of cathodes used by Cusick and Logan were mesh and plate cathodes both made of stainless steel. Struvite recovery rates ranging from 20% to 40% were obtained, which were significantly lower than the values reported by Hassidou et al. [5], Zhang et al. [6] and Harrison et al. [9]. However, the process was more efficient (73%) than the conventional struvite recovery procedures in terms of energy requirements. It was realized that net cathodes were more efficient than the flat cathodes. It was concluded that additional research and optimization of the microbial electrochemical cells could save a substantial amount of energy during phosphate removal from wastewater. The Effect of Temperature, Reaction Time, and pH on the Amount of Phosphates Recovered as Struvite from Aqueous Solutions Ahmad and Idris [13] investigated the parameters that affected the process of struvite crystallization during phosphate removal. Aerobically digested wastewater was used in the investigation. Temperatures higher than 100 oC were applied to sludge following the treatment of wastewater. The amount of soluble phosphates was quantified in the wastewater as the heating temperature rose. Ahmad and Idris realized that the amount of phosphorus released into the wastewater increased with an increase in temperature and time of heating [13]. Figure 6: The influence of temperature on the quantities of dissolved phosphorus [13]. The concentration of dissolved and suspended phosphorus was 3.4 and 4.6 mg per liter prior to heating. However, the highest amount of liberated phosphorus was attained following heating at 175 oC for 100 minutes. The release of phosphorus with an increase in temperature was attributed to microbial ce lls whose membranes were disrupted following heating leading to the release of phosphorus. It was also realized that more phosphorus was released into the wastewater at low pH. Ahmad and Idris attained the highest levels of phosphorus release were attained at pH of 2 (48.9 milligrams per liter) and pH of 4 (48.6 milligrams per liter) [13]. The reason for that occurrence was that the majority of phosphates in wastewater sludge were organophosphates that were easily liberated by heating. Figure 7: Influence of pH on the release of phosphorus [13]. A separate investigation by Yariv and Holger investigated the prospects of raising the pH of aqueous solutions by exclusion of carbon dioxide and using gases such as plain air, oxygen and nitrogen to replace the vacuum left by CO2 [14]. The pH of the solution was monitored by a computer-regulated setup. Yariv and Holger [14] observed that plain air eliminated carbon dioxide leading to an increase in pH up to 8.53. Pure nitrogen, conversely, elevated the pH of the solution to 10.4 after one day. A separate trial where carbon dioxide was eliminated by precipitation as calcium carbonate increased the pH to about 9.4. All these pH values were within the optimum range required for struvite precipitation. Yariv and Holger [14] concluded that it was possible to reduce the costs of struvite precipitation by using air instead of chemicals to raise the pH of aqueous solutions. The Effect of Copper (II) Ions on the Quality of Struvite Produced It was thought that impurities affected the crystallization of struvite. Therefore, Hutnik et al. [15] sought to determine the effect of copper ions in aqueous solutions on struvite crystallization. An aqueous solution containing 1 to 2% of phosphate ions by mass and 0.5 milligrams of copper ions per kilogram of solution was used. Struvite crystallization was performed at stoichiometric conditions and magnesium ion excess. Hutnik et al. [15] noted that the presence of copper ions in the re actor increased the size of struvite crystals by 6% at stoichiometric conditions. However, lowering the phosphate concentration and increasing the quantity of magnesium yielded 9% to 13% larger crystals. Table 1: The effect of copper ions of struvite crystals at a temperature of 25 oC, pH 9 and mean residence time of 900 seconds [15]. Figure 8: The morphology of struvite crystals produced in the presence of copper (II) ions [15]. Analysis of the final product revealed the presence of copper (II) hydroxide at concentrations ranging from 6 to 90 milligrams per kilogram. It was concluded that the presence of copper ions promoted the formation of tubular struvite crystals. Struvite Formation from Human Urine Etter et al. [16] investigated the possibility of using human urine to concentrate phosphates for agricultural use. Urine used in the study was collected from Siddhipur village in Nepal because of the common practice of the creation of urine separation pits in the community. Magne sium oxide from a local magnesite was used as a magnesium source. Etter et al. [16] reported that more than 90% of phosphates was recovered from the reactor with an external filtration unit with minimal usage of magnesium oxide (1.1 moles of magnesium per 1 mole of phosphate) in one hour. Rough nylon filters were used in the filtration unit. Conversely, a separate sedimentation setup yielded only 40% of phosphates. Etter et al. [16] concluded that large volumes of urine were needed for the process to yield substantial volumes of struvite. The designing of struvite crystallization machinery must put into consideration factors such as the growth rate of the struvite crystals and the supersaturation of the aqueous solutions. For this reason, several studies have been carried out to model the process of struvite recovery. Harrison et al. [9] focused their attention on the dynamics of struvite crystallization with the aid of a computer package referred to as MINTEQA2. Harrison et al. [9] reported that the software determined struvite as being insoluble at moderately alkaline pH and that temperature did not have a substantial effect on the solubility of struvite. Those findings implied that optimum crystallization was supposed to take place at moderately basic conditions. The formation of large crystals implied that more of the dissolved struvite was incorporated into the crystals hence translating to higher struvite recovery rates from the solutions. However, despite those observations, various studies continued to obtain varying quantities of struvite from wastewater and other aqueous solutions. For example, Zhang et al. [6] reported improved efficiencies when magnesium was supplemented (80-86% recovery rates) compared to 47-53% recovery rates when crystallization was allowed to take place spontaneously without magnesium supplementation. In both instances, Zhang et al. [6] used temperatures of 25 oC and the pH range described by Harrison et al. [9]. Conversely, Ha ssidou et al. [5] obtained phosphate removal rates of 61.19% from leachate and 77.61% from synthetic wastewater. Otter et al. [16] were able to recover up to 90% phosphates from human urine. These variations in struvite recovery rates suggested that there were certain aspects in the compositions of the aqueous solutions that altered the struvite recovery rates. The contentious issue, therefore, became the optimum conditions for the most efficient removal of phosphates from aqueous solutions. It was hypothesized that factors other than temperature and pH affected the kinetics and efficacy of struvite crystallization. Therefore, there was a need to ascertain the precise factors and their consequences on struvite crystallization. Hutnik et al. [10], Kozik et al., [11] and Hutnik et al. [15] looked at the efficiency of the formation of struvite crystals under varying concentrations of various ions such as nitrates phosphates and magnesium. Hutnik et al. [10] and Kozik et al. [11] noted that better crystallization rates were obtained with magnesium concentrations that surpassed the stoichiometric concentrations in struvite. Zhang et al. [6] observed that higher struvite yields corresponding to higher phosphate removal rates were attained with magnesium supplementation. These observations deduced that in spite of struvite formation occurring at the stoichiometric concentrations of magnesium, ammonium and phosphates, an excess of magnesium ions enhanced the process of crystallization. The effect of interfering ions on struvite crystallization was also investigated by Ahmad and Idris [13] and Hutnik et al. [15]. Ahmad and Idris [13] observed that calcium ions acted as impurities and lowered struvite crystallization rates. These observations suggested that the presence of other cations in aqueous solutions was likely to lower struvite crystallization. On the other hand, contrary to the expectations, Hutnik et al. [15] realized that copper ions augmented struvite crysta llization and even led to the formation of large crystal sizes. Conclusion From all the papers reviewed in this research, it was evident that struvite formation occurred at alkaline pH between 8 and 10 and temperatures between 20 oC and 25 oC. The optimum pH was attained by the removal of carbon dioxide gas. The resultant struvite was useful as a slow release manure, which did not require additional processing apart from washing and drying. The conditions in the reacting vessels were adjusted to optimize struvite formation, for example, through the addition of magnesium ions to ensure that the reactants were in the right proportions according to the molecular formula of struvite. It was noted that adding magnesium as magnesium oxide led to lower COD values than when it was added as magnesium chloride. However, Capdevielle et al. [2] and Capdevielle et al. [17] noted that magnesium oxide significantly increased the amount of struvite recovered. Overall, excessive magnesium ions led t o better rates of struvite crystallization. The presence of interfering cations such as calcium ions lowered the efficacy of crystallization while copper ions augmented crystallization. From these findings, it appeared as though there could be additional undiscovered factors that affected struvite crystallization. Therefore, further investigations could be carried out to establish the additional factors that influenced phosphate removal from aqueous solutions through struvite crystallization. Struvite precipitation was also used as a pretreatment technique to improve the efficiency of other purification methods such as reverse osmosis. Therefore, this research concluded that the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions via struvite formation was an efficient method of preventing the pollution of water bodies and recycling phosphates. References [1] K. S. Le Corre, E. Valsami-Jones, P. Hobbs, and S. A. Parsons, â€Å"Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater by Struvite Crystallization : A Review.† Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39 no. 2009, pp. 433–477, May 2009. [2] A. Capdevielle, E. Sà ½korov, F. Bà ©line, and M. Daumer, â€Å"Kinetics of struvite precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewaters.† Environmental Technology, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1250-1260, Jan. 2014. [3] US EPA. â€Å"Nutrient pollution.† Internet: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/issue, Mar. 16 2014 [May 18 2014]. [4] R. Mylavarapu. â€Å"Impact of phosphorus on water quality.† Internet: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss490, Apr. 14 2014 [May 18 2014]. [5] S. Hassidou, T. Ismail and B. A. Mohamed, â€Å"Phosphorous removal from Tunisian landfill leachate through struvite precipitation under controlled degassing technique.† Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 21, no. 2010, pp. 295–302, Sep. 2010. [6] T. Zhang, P. Li, C. Fang, and R. Jiang, â€Å"Phosphate recovery from animal manure wastewater b y struvite crystallization and CO2 degasification reactor.† Ecological Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 89-99, 2014. [7] L. Karabegovic, M. Uldal, A. Werker and F. Morgan-Sagastume, â€Å"Phosphorus recovery potential from a waste stream with high organic and nutrient contents via struvite precipitation,† Environmental Technology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 871-883, Aug. 2013. [8] J. Bohdziewicz and M. Kuglarz, â€Å"Treatment of post-digestion liquors with the application of struvite precipitation and reverse osmosis.† Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 5, no. 2013, pp. 366–373, Jan. 2013. [9] M. L. Harrison, M. R. Johns, E. T. White, and C. M. Mehta, â€Å"Growth rate kinetics for struvite crystallization.† Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 25, no. 2011, pp. 309-314, 2011. [10] N. Hutnik, B. Wierzbowska, K. Piotrowski, and A. Matynia. â€Å"Continuous reaction crystallization of struvite from solution containing phosphate (V) and nitrate (V) ions.† The Online Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 68-66, Apr. 2013. [11] A. Kozik, H. Nina, P. Krzysztof, and M. Andrzej. â€Å"Continuous reaction crystallization of struvite from diluted aqueous solution of phosphate(V) ions in the presence of magnesium ions excess.† Chemical Engineering Research Design, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 481-489, Mar. 2014. [12] R. D. Cusick and B. E. Logan, â€Å"Phosphate recovery as struvite within a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell.† Bioresource Technology, vol. 107, no. 2012, pp. 110-115, 2012. [13] A. A. Ahmad and A. Idris, â€Å"Release and recovery of phosphorus from wastewater treatment sludge via struvite precipitation.† Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 2013, pp. 1-8, Jun. 2013. [14] C. Yariv and K. Holger, â€Å"Increasing the pH of wastewater to high levels with different gases- CO2 stripping.† Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 159, no.2004, pp. 265-275, Jun. 2004. [15] N. Hutnik, B. Wierzbowska, K. Piotrowski, and A. Matynia. â€Å"Effect of copper (II) ions on quality of struvite produced in continuous reaction crystallization process at the magnesium ions excess.† Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, vol. 2013, no. 3, pp. 1-6, May. 2013. [16] B. Etter, E. Tilley, R. Khadka, and K. M. Udert â€Å"Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in Nepal.† Water Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 852-862, Jan. 2011. [17] A. Capdevielle, E. Sykorov, B. Biscans, F. Bà ©line, and M. Daumer, â€Å"Optimization of struvite precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewater- Determination of the optimal process parameters.† Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 244-245, no. 2013, pp. 357-369, 2013.

Meaning of Winter Solstice in Geography

Meaning of Winter Solstice in Geography The time around December 21 or 22 is a very important day for our planet and its relationship with the sun. December 21 is one of two solstices, days when the rays of the sun directly strike one of the two tropical latitude lines. In 2018 at precisely 5:23 p.m. EST (22:23Â  UTC) on December 21, 2018 winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere and summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere. Why the Winter Solstice Occurs The earth spins around its axis, an imaginary line going right through the planet between the north and south poles. The axis is tilted somewhat off the plane of the earths revolution around the sun. The tilt of the axis is 23.5 degrees; thanks to this tilt, we enjoy the four seasons. For several months of the year, one-half of the earth receives more direct rays of the sun than the other half. The earths axis always points to the same point in the universe. When the axis points away from the sun from December to March (because of the relative location of the earth to the sun), the southern hemisphere enjoys the direct rays of the sun during their summer months. Alternatively, when the axis tilts towards the sun, as it does between June and September, it is summer in the northern hemisphere but winter in the southern hemisphere. December 21 is called the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and simultaneously the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. On June 21 the solstices are reversed and summer begins in the northern hemisphere. On December 21, there are 24 hours of daylight south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5Â ° south of the equator) and 24 hours of darkness north of the Arctic Circle (66.5Â ° north of the equator). The suns rays are directly overhead along the Tropic of Capricorn (the latitude line at 23.5Â ° south, passing through Brazil, South Africa, and Australia) on December 21. Without the tilt of the earths axis, we would have no seasons. The suns rays would be directly overhead of the equator all year long. Only a slight change would occur as the earth makes its slightly elliptical orbit around the sun. The earth is furthest from the sun about July 3; this point is known as the aphelion and the earth is 94,555,000 miles away from the sun. The perihelion takes place around January 4 when the earth is a mere 91,445,000 miles from the sun. When summer occurs in a hemisphere, it is due to that hemisphere receiving more direct rays of the sun than the opposite hemisphere where it is winter. In winter, the suns energy hits the earth at oblique angles and is thus less concentrated. During spring and fall, the earths axis is pointing sideways so both hemispheres have moderate weather and the rays of the sun are directly overhead the equator. Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5Â ° latitude south) there really are no seasons as the sun is never very low in the sky so it stays warm and humid (tropical) year-round. Only those people in the upper latitudes north and south of the tropics experience seasons.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Essay

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - Essay Example The policies of IFRS are more advanced and precise for meeting the changes in the new accounting and audit systems, so US is also moving towards IFRS. The US GAAP is actually concept based, whereas IFRS is based on principles. The methodology of these two frameworks and the accounting treatments are also different. In US GAAP, the research is mainly based on the literature but in case of IFRS, the rules are mainly based on reviews and patterns of facts. Table of Contents International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 4 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 5 Different between IFRS and GAAP 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a principle based framework created to develop new standards of accounting and auditing. The International Accounting Standards (IAS) was renamed as IFRS and the policies of IAS was also changed or renewed under this. The IFRS was constructed to develop a globalised accounting an d auditing model. The IFRS approves three main accounting models: The current cost accounting, maintenance of financial capital in the units of the constant purchasing power and the capital for maintaining nominal monetary units. IFRS follows three basic assumptions: Going on Concern: It states that an entity will continue its activities and any form of hindrance would not stop it from doing so. The assumption for proper and stable measuring units: The changes in the purchasing ability of functional currency excluding the 26 percent p.a. for consecutive 3 years can be considered immaterial for not considering the capital maintenance as stated in the guidelines of IFRS. Purchasing Power: It considers the constant power to purchase at all levels of inflation and deflation in relation to the consumer price index. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) The Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) are the rules in relation to accounting and auditing which are used for pre senting, and preparing the financial reports or statements for different entity. It includes the policies for the entire accounting and auditing industry. The GAAP is actually set or formulated by the Government Accounting Standard Board (GASB). The basic objectives of GAAP are: To safe guard the interest of the investors. To help the authorities take important financial decisions. It plays a significant role in maintaining records. It improves the performance of the organization (Cerritos, n. d.). Different between IFRS and GAAP The basic difference between IFRS and US GAAP framework are: Inventory: Under the system of IFRS, the LIFO system cannot be used, but in GAAP both LIFO and FIFO are allowed. So companies have choices in the second case. Cost of Development: In case of IFRS the

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Problem Identification - Essay Example In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) argued that the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by the lack of control or detection of hypertension. In that publication, W.H.O claimed that an increase in blood pressure by 20/10 mmHg from such a level as 115/75 mmHg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease (WHO, 2011). The eighth Joint National Commission panel (JNC 8) developed an evidence-based guideline for managing high blood pressure in adults. The guideline was captured in nine recommendations. Each recommendation shows its target age bracket, strength and the treatment intervention appropriate for the said age bracket or section of the population. The aim of the current paper is to understand whether the JNC guideline can help reduce the future risk of cardiovascular disease. Rosendorff et al (2007) reckon that hypertension is a major independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Based on JNC’s definition of hypertension as having a blood pressure of greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg, Rosendorff et al (2007) concluded that sixty five million American adults have hypertension. This was equivalent to one fourth of the population of the United States as at 2007. The study also concluded that one fourth of the population of the United States was in prehypertension stage that the JNC stipulated as systolic blood pressure of between 120 and 139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ranging between 80 and 89 mm Hg (Rosendorff et. al., 2007). Rosendorff et al (2007) noted that blood pressure is strongly related to age but that the relationship is complicated. As one progresses through life up to age fifty, the systolic blood pressure rises in line with diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure continues rising after fifty years of age but diastolic blood pressure starts decelerating. According to their study, more than half of the American population above

Political Socialization Essay Example for Free

Political Socialization Essay Both my parents are independents; and I used to identify myself as independent. However, I believe school was the political socialization agent that has had the greatest impact in my judgments and decisions related to politics. This process began in my country, Venezuela, there I learned about world and Venezuelan history, patriotism, symbols, basic institutions and values of politics in school. I was always taught to stand for my principles and beliefs. Therefore, from seven to twelve grades I got involved with my schools Student Government Group. At that time, I was able to make a difference in issues related to students and staff interests; I also made a difference in the community by organizing conservationist campaigns, good neighbor activities, and beautification of our city projects, to mention some. Most of the time I felt that I was not bonded to any of the countrys political parties, but shortly after entering college I began to work and there were the opportunities for involvement within the system. Unfortunately, my countrys political situation started to deteriorate with the intended of a military take over. Later on, it was totally crushed with the actual Presidential election of the perpetrator, current President, Hugo Chaves. My trust and faith in a democracy were shattered until I decided to come to the US. Now, I appreciate and love this country very much for all the opportunities existing to me. I also feel that my opinions in American politics, ethics and other subjects are well-informed and once again school has marked and amplified them. On the other hand, I believe that a persons knowledge of politics cannot simply come from their own personal experience or through the lessons learned from others directly. For instance, the mass media influences individuals by what they report and what they do not report; and it does not frequently discuss alternatives to the way society is fundamentally structured. In conclusion, I think much of the political knowledge people have comes from a combination of agents, for me in priority basis are: school, my values, and the mass media. I also think that my family has the least impact on me as political socialization agent because they were never inclined to any political party and this was not an important subject of discussion in my house.

Fortinbras as Foil for Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework S

Fortinbras as Foil for Hamlet In the play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the character of Fortinbras, has been used as a foil for the main character, Hamlet. Hamlet and Fortinbras have lost their fathers to untimely deaths. Claudius killed Hamlet's father, King Hamlet, and King Hamlet killed Fortinbras' father. Both Hamlet and Fortinbras have vowed to seek revenge for the deaths of their fathers. Since the revenge tactics of Hamlet and Fortinbras are completely different, Hamlet perceives the actions of Fortinbras as better than his own and the actions of Fortinbras, then, encourage Hamlet to act without hesitating.      Hamlet, after learning that his father's death was a murder and vowing to take revenge, wants to be certain that what he has been told is the absolute truth before he attempts to take revenge on Claudius. Even after Hamlet is sure beyond any shadow of a doubt that Claudius is the murderer, he hesitates to kill him. Fortinbras, on the other hand, has been taking action even before the play begins. As the play opens, the audience learns that Denmark is in a state of alert; the country has been preparing for a war. From Horatio, the audience also learns that the young Fortinbras is getting ready his "lawless resolutes"(I.i.111) for action against Denmark for the killing of his father and for the return of lands previously owned by Norway (I. i. 79-107).   These differences between Hamlet and Fortinbras' actions are further mentioned in Hamlet's last soliloquy (IV. iv. 32-66).    Before the soliloquy begins, Hamlet has been informed by one of Fortinbras' Captains that Norway is preparing to fight Poland over a "little patch of land"(IV.iv.19) and that twenty thousand men are eager to fight for th... ...nts itself. Hamlet is so determined to do something he does not wish to think about the consequences anymore.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bradley, A.C. "Shakespeare's Tragic Period--Hamlet." Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Toronto: MacMillan, 1967. Danson, Lawrence. "Tragic Alphabet." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Manning, John. "Symbola and Emblemata in Hamlet." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 11-18. Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128 Wagner, Valeria. "Losing the Name of Action." New Essays on Hamlet. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 135-152.   

With Close Reference to their recent releases, compare how Britney Spears and Sum 41 are marketed

Like all artists, Britney Spears and Sum 41 belong to a record company. Here 3 departments look after them: the Artist and Repertoire, Marketing and Production. The Artist and Repertoire( a+r) are responsible for signing the artist. The marketing department are responsible for advertising the artist. The production company are responsible for organizing recording and songs for release. Possible ways the Marketing department can use the Media for advertising include television, radio, posters. They also use a subtle way of using the artist themselves. Britney belongs to Zomba Records and Sum 41 belong to Britney has matured as artist over the years. At the beginning, she was a schoolgirl. This was reflected in her video â€Å"Hit Me Baby One More Time† She was dressed in school uniform. Although attracting pre teens as her primary audience, she was attracting young men (15-20). She has maintained her primary audience throughout her career and as my analysis will tell you, incre ased her secondary audience. Following a break from her career to make a film â€Å"Crossroads†, she re-launched her career as an adult, moving away from school uniform. Her album release â€Å"Britney† opened new doors for Britney and new fans. Her album cover featured her sitting on a stool, crouching forward. With the low cut top she was wearing, this position revealed quite a lot of Britney's chest area. She held wrists facing the camera. This suggests she was flirting with men. She was wearing a crucifix necklace, which suggests she is trying to maintain her virginal reputation that she previously had. Heavy Eye-Makeup is worn, similar to that of Brigitte Bardot, a 60's icon. This attracts men as she is shown to take pride in her appearance. Her hair is tousled over her chest, hinting that she isn't as clean cut as previously thought. The back cover is featuring Britney's face repeatedly reflected over the cover. This gives the effect that she is everywhere. The eye makeup is still worn. Yello w lights are shown, possibly to reflect attention on to Britney. Previously, Britney modelled for Sketchers Footwear Company. She featured in a poster that was completely opposite to the image given in the album cover. Her she appeared normal, down to earth. As this was an appeal to young girls, she worn clothes they could relate to, jacket, jeans and the trainers she was advertising. She still wore makeup but not as much as she wore in the album cover shoot. Sum 41's image is completely different to Britney's. Their album features a more personal touch with what appears to be handwritten track lists and Polaroid photos. This makes the audience feel as though the album has been made for them personally. Dark colours are used, this reflects the bands image of a â€Å"hard† rock band. Sum 41's image has not changed as much as Britney's. In conclusion, Britney is marketed more two audiences where Sum 41 appear to be marketed for the same type which is skaters and rock fans. Britney appears to be more interested in her fans, while Sum 41 aren't really bothered what anyone thinks and are more concerned making music and having fun. Finally, record companies are responsible for the artists image. Record companies use media for advertising and will have too as the public opinion of artists change when the media portrayal of them changes.

European And International Dimensions Of Education Education Essay

Globalization as defined by Giddens is the intensification of world-wide societal dealingss which link distant vicinities in such a manner that local occurrences are shaped by events happening many stat mis off and frailty versa ‘ . It is a procedure of turning to a planetary and world-wide in political, economic, societal and educational sectors. Cantu ( 2003 ) defines instruction ‘as geting accomplishments ‘ . Education is besides about geting cognition, developing consciousness and critical thought. Cogburn ( no day of the month ) has described instruction as ‘generally seen as a formal procedure of direction, based on a theory of instruction, to leave formal cognition ( to one or more pupils ) ‘ . In this essay, I will discourse the effects of globalisation on instruction, peculiarly on formal instruction. In my sentiment, globalisation has brought more positive impacts on instruction and educational system as a whole such as on course of study cours e of study, the schools ‘ and universities ‘ ambiance every bit good as the instruction and larning procedure instead than the negative. There are different classs of globalization as mentioned by Bottery ( 2006 ) ; ‘political globalization, economic globalization, cultural globalization, environmental globalization and demographic globalization ‘ . Each class shows different impacts on the universe and current issues every bit good as instruction. Political globalization shows the spread of political thoughts and that political relations can non be separated from the development of educational sector. As mentioned by Emler and Frazer ( 1999 ) , there is ‘political instruction ‘ which refers to the function of schools and other educational establishments in bring forthing political histrions ; citizens, topics, governors. In order to make this, there need to be some political content in classs and course of study ( Emler and Frazer, 1999 ) . I agree with Emler and Frazer because pupils need to hold exposure to what is go oning in the universe of political relations to fix themselves for the her eafter. For illustration, for future calling, pupils who are interested in arguments and giving talk can be farther trained in higher establishments to be politicians and attorneies. Politicss constitute state, authorities and society. The consequence on instruction is that pupils are cognizant about local and abroad ‘ premier curate and the issues sing this country to be a responsible citizen. Globalisation makes it possible for the information to make everyone in the universe through mass media. In Malaysia, pupils are forbidden from taking portion in political dockets, they are qualified to vote during election at the age of 21. However, most pupils get downing from the secondary schools are familiar with the local political relations, the authorities and resistance, through assorted subjects in their course of study course of study, telecasting intelligence and newspapers. The challenge is that when some pupils may take political relations to the extreme by socking others who have different political positions. Another positive impact of globalization is that instruction adoption can be done within states. ‘Policy borrowing ‘ as defined by Raffe ( 2011 ) is in which ‘best pattern from abroad is identified and transferred back place ‘ . A state can borrow other states ‘ thoughts about instruction and implement them in their educational system. Normally, the 1 that is borrowed from is a successful state such as Finland and the borrower is the underdeveloped state. Sahlberg ( 2009:324 ) has described ‘the accomplishment that Finland has made over clip get downing with the steady growing in engagement in all degrees of Finnish instruction since 1970 to in 1980s, there has been a rapid growing in the upper secondary instruction sector and in 1990s up to now, within third and big instruction sectors ‘ . As Finland is ranked really high for their successful instruction, United Kingdom as a developed state has besides showed involvement in Finnish instructi on. This is similar to sharing thoughts about what is best for their educational system and seek to use to see if it works. Whereas ‘policy larning ‘ as cited by Raffe ( 2011 ) , ‘uses experiences from ‘policy borrowing ‘ for assorted intents, including understanding one ‘s ain system better, placing common tendencies and force per unit areas impacting all systems, clear uping other policy schemes and placing issues raised by each scheme ‘ . By analysing others ‘ instruction system, a state can place the strength and failing of its ain system. Subsequently on governments can make up one's mind whether to go on utilizing the thoughts for few old ages more or to modify to accommodate it with their system. In early yearss, it was a disadvantage for adult females because societies merely allowed work forces to acquire instruction while the misss were denied their rights to travel to school and alternatively were asked to make house jobs. However, as globalisation takes topographic point, issues about equality in instruction for both work forces and adult females are brought up. The universe societies are altering ; adult females ‘ rights to have instruction similar to work forces are being acknowledged. The result is that adult females gain chances to travel to school and pursue higher instruction. As reported this twelvemonth by Catcheside ( 2012 ) , ‘women pupils outnumber work forces by three to two in many universities, and in some establishments where there are big instructions or nursing classs by every bit many as two to one ‘ . I do agree and it is non surprising that the figure of adult females at both schools and universities are higher than the male pupils a nd their accomplishments are more impressive than the males. Catcheside ( 2012 ) has besides approved this in a study ; ‘girls now outstrip male childs in the proportion of top classs achieved in all but a smattering of topics at cardinal phase three. Not merely are they much more likely to acquire good classs than male childs, they are more likely to take cardinal phase 3 makings in the first topographic point ‘ . On another positive note, both male and female pupils are likely to be treated every bit at schools and universities which cut down gender favoritism in educational system. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005:524 ) have criticized that ‘although the instruction gender spread has narrowed in Western states in recent decennaries, many adult females still study traditionally feminine topics such as literature, while work forces prosecute mathematics and technology ‘ . I agree towards certain extent such as adult females are prosecuting nursing and other feminine occupations whereas work forces are likely to travel into military footing, but nowadays they are given more freedom to take what they want to make. There are female pupils who choose technology over literature and secretary ‘s classs and frailty versa. Globalization has besides opened up competition between adult females and work forces in more countries including instruction and employment. It is an optimistic altera tion as parents are more open-minded by schooling their misss and for hapless households ; their educated girls can alter their economic system position by acquiring occupations with their makings. As agreed by Dr. Farooq Wardak ( in Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Ministry of Education, 2010:4 ) , ‘there are strong links between an person ‘s educational degree and his/her economic accomplishments ‘ . The impact of globalization on instruction can besides be seen in the increasing figure of schools being built. Ming ( 2009 ) has reported that in Malaysia ‘the figure of national primary schools have increased from 4844 in 1990 to 5761 in 2005, an addition of 19 % ‘ . Although there are negative effects on environment, development is important to get by with the big figure of pupils that increases each twelvemonth. Ming ( 2009 ) adds, ‘the addition in the figure of national primary schools because of the big addition in the figure of pupils enrolled in them ‘ . Globalisation leads to an addition in population due to the raising rate of migration and birth. Many schools are renovated and equipped with modern installations such as computing machine, cyberspace beginning, research lab setup and projector to guarantee the survey environment is convenient for pupils. Today, globalization has besides supported duplicating programmes between universities to go on, s uch as the B.Ed TESL programme between Malaysian teacher preparation universities and universities in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. This programme has given pupils a immense chance to accommodate themselves in English speech production states and better better their proficiency in English. There is besides pupils exchange programme which sends pupils off to other states which can supply better exposure of peculiar Fieldss. For illustration, some technology pupils in Malaysia are sent for a 6-month class in Korea and frailty versa and secondary pupils in Nipponese school are sent to Malaysia for 3 hebdomads to larn about Malaysia. Chin ( 2009 ) has agreed to this sentiment by admiting that ‘higher establishments have become more self-consciously planetary, particularly universities of the advanced states by seeking pupils from different parts of the universe, directing their ain pupils abroad in educational exchange programmes to fix them for planetary callings , offering survey classs which address the challenges of an interrelated universe and collaborative research to progress scientific discipline ‘ . However, there are establishments that found the thought of giving pupils a planetary experience while larning locally rather magnetizing. Choudaha ( 2012 ) has come up with a term ‘glocal ‘ which means ‘global aspirations with local experiences and the accent is on pupils who are willing to pay for a planetary educational pattern while remaining in their place state or part ‘ . Asiatic states such as China, Malaysia and India have been offering ‘glocal ‘ instruction to their local pupils. Meanwhile, states such as the UK and Australia have been innovators in offering multinational instruction and their work force such as instructors and professors are in demand to function glocals ( Choudaha, 2012 ) . In my sentiment, this new section is similar to holding foreign subdivision campuses in local states such as University of Nottingham in Malaysia, China and United Kingdom which are called University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, University of Notti ngham, Ninbo, China and University of Nottingham United Kingdom severally ( Chin, 2009 ) . Apart from that, Monash University has campuses in Australia, Malaysia, China, India, South Africa and Italy ( Chin, 2009 ) which allow local pupils to see what Monash has to offer. They can take portion in assorted classs from scientific discipline watercourse to concern, jurisprudence and humanistic disciplines through planetary and international ambiance. As mentioned by Whitehead ( 2012 ) , ‘historically Malaysia has sent its pupils abroad for their instruction, now it is fixing to change by reversal that place, it wants to go the hub of its part pulling 1000s pupils from across south-east Asia to its universities in immense Numberss by pulling foreign universities to put up abroad campuses ‘ . As per economic system, Ming ( 2009 ) has mentioned that the ‘continuous growing in economic relationships among states, a planetary displacement towards free-market kineticss, and increasing consumerism are some factors impacting establishments of higher instruction i.e. universities ‘ . Hence, because of globalisation there will be more coaction between local and foreign universities, lectors and pupils. Head of the section of economic sciences at the University of Warwick, Abhinay Muthoo ( 2012 ) has commented on the UK ‘s higher instruction system as concern by stating ‘we export instruction, purchased by clients and designed by intellectuals from all corners of the Earth ‘ . For illustration, India is presently pulling pupils from the USA, China, Canada, Germany, Malaysia and Australia to analyze at that place ( Wilson, 2012 ) . Furthermore, states are taking the enterprise to enroll instructors and pedagogues from other states such as Malaysia and Korea are conveying in English instructors from the United States to learn English at their local schools. The consequence is that, English speech production pedagogues could assist supplying a more meaningful lesson to the local pupils. The challenge is foreign pedagogues will hold to larn the local civilizations to suit them in the society and non look impolite or uncomfortable. The alteration in the economic-environment will non merely impact the educational environment and system but besides touristry. Foreigners who come to work may desire to convey their households to the state they are working in and may publicize topographic points of attractive forces in the states to their local friends. Globalisation creates planetary links between states in the universe which enable a smooth flow international trade and planetary market such as touristry, the import and export. Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) have stated that ‘global acquisition is the cultivation of multiple, diverse, and planetary positions. It allows one to develop the intercultural competences necessary to go a planetary citizen who can understand issues from multiple positions and derive a deeper grasp of and tolerance for diverseness of all types ( cultural, lingual, spiritual, political, for illustration ) ‘ . In footings of societal and cultural, planetary citizens are exposed to the differences of assorted civilizations in the universe and larn about esteeming each other ‘s civilization. Globalisation reduces cultural barriers and enables multicultural democracy among pupils. As kids are populating in a multicultural community, they begin to accept others and are comfy to analyze in a multiracial school. Racism can be avoided specifically among Black, White, Asiatic, non-Asian, Muslim and other faiths if their moral and spiritual instructions are good taught by pedagogues. They can besides larn from their milieus and develop the sense of sensitiveness from their societal interactions at school and outside. As supported by Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) , ‘within practical planetary communities, pupils and pedagogues can larn to go more socially minded and ethically responsible planetary citizens who, in bend, can assist better relationships in the broader universe community ‘ . Furthermore, through socializing with international pupils can be a manner for non-English pupils to better their proficiency in English. They can pattern utilizing the linguistic communication that they have learned in the schoolroom in a more reliable surrounding. Mohini Mohamed ( 2008:92 ) has stated that ‘students need entree to multicultural environment, appropriate usage of first linguistic communication and utilize effectual English method of content direction every bit good as chance to demo their competency in a assortment of ways †˜ . In other words, globalization has proved that collaborative acquisition between pupils of different cultural background can be a success. The obvious advantage pointed out by Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) is that ‘working on shared undertakings can enrich pupils ‘ experiences and open them to more critical ways of thought and more originative signifiers of problem-solving ‘ . The jobs that are caused by globalization, socially, when pupils are exposed to other civilizations different from theirs, they can be influenced to blindly follow the civilizations and beliefs even though those are non suited with their milieus. From my observation, some pupils are into Punk and Skinhead based on what they have seen on telecasting programmes and to pattern those in traditional-bound surrounding is non appropriate. Modernization, urbanization, Westernization besides affect pupils ‘ behaviour at school because at some topographic points like Holland weeds, drugs can be bought from street stores. It may do societal job if pupils decide to hold them during school period. Following is in term of interaction, in Korea, non utilizing honorific when mentioning or naming person older than you is non acceptable and considered rude. However, in England and America, to name an aged by name is normal and friendly. Hence, if pupils do non see what is acceptable in the socie ty they are populating in before following other civilizations, it may impact their relationship with others such as instructors. Issues such as homosexualism and tribade are non taboo in some states. For case in France, their openness to homosexualism can be seen in their instruction system. The governments have published text editions incorporating subjects about homosexuals and tribades households which are called as modern households ( Abry et al. , 2008 ) . It means their pupils and adolescents are exposed to this type of lifestyle but in Muslim states like Arab and Malaysia and other states, governments are strongly opposing this affair. Hence, the negative impact is if pupils are influenced by inappropriate civilizations as seen by their society. Another positive impact of globalization on instruction is the debut of engineering, on-line instruction or e-learning at school. E-Learning consulting ( no day of the month ) defines e-learning as the usage of engineering to enable people to larn anytime and anyplace. This fits in the planetary universe because modernisation and urbanisation come together and pupils are comfy with utilizing technological devices and cyberspace. Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) have agreed that ‘today ‘s pupils hence tend to be more digitally savvy, nomadic and ephemeral, socially connected, and more democratic in their worldview ‘ . Hence, this instruction and larning method of utilizing technological devices will work with our digital coevals. They can hold contact with other overseas ‘ pupils through societal webs to portion about each other civilizations and point of views. One method is ocular acquisition that is done online such as Skype and pupils can hold a treatment yarn in their universities ‘ electronic mail and on Facebook group which can be accomplished outside of a normal schoolroom. In my sentiment, any treatment yarn method is effectual to larning because it is easier for pupils as they can notice on one subject and discuss with other pupils. Unfortunately, online acquisition could be hard to be applied in rural country where cyberspace connexion is barely accessible. However, to accomplish a planetary instruction criterion, many states are taking more earnestly about supplying these technological and modern installations to all schools. For illustration, Wilson ( 2012 ) indicates that ‘virtual acquisition in India can be done because computing machine was rather inexpensive at that place ‘ . In close hereafter, it is non surprising if all schools are equipped with computing machines every bit good as those in rural countries. However, the innovation of tape recording, picture recording, audio recording, PowerPoint pres entation and Interactive Whiteboard ( IWB ) are really utile for pedagogues and pupils in surveies and presentations. The job that will happen is pupils ‘ abuse of the engineering and cyberspace with texting in schoolroom, picture games, online chatting and phonography. Teachers need to supervise the pupils but the pupils besides need to larn to command themselves. In term of course of study, Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) has now become one of the of import topics at most schools because of globalization. Students are taught basic cognition about computing machine and cyberspace and they are larning utilizing them. For illustration, in Malaysia, pupils besides learn about the connexion between Science and Technology through a topic called English Science and Technology. Knowledge on scientific discipline, mathematics and engineering is besides indispensable to travel frontward with modernization. By utilizing cyberspace, it is possible to demo reliable illustrations of innovations that have been created and groundss of many scientific researches to pupils. The sweetening in Vocational Education and Training ( VET ) is another benefit of globalisation. Advanced preparation offers enable pupils to travel abroad for developing in specialist states. It can either be a really short intensive class or a 2 to 3 old ages programme. H armonizing to Draft National Education Strategic Plan for Afghanistan ( in Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Ministry of Education, 2010:11 ) , the purpose of proficient and vocational instruction and preparation is to ‘to supply relevant and choice proficient and vocational instruction for both males and females in order to enable them to run into the demands of the labour market in Afghanistan and the part, and to lend to the just and balanced development of the state ‘ . Similarly to other states, VET provides chances for pupils who are interested in this field to widen their cognition and to fix them for future calling. Cogburn ( no day of the month ) has stated that ‘the function of cognition within the economic system is taking to a whole scope of new industries and new developments in biotechnology, new stuffs scientific discipline, information sciences, computing machine scientific discipline, et cetera ‘ . Courses such as media, telecommunication and science-related topics are in demand since the universe will necessitate more experts in these Fieldss in the hereafter. Globalisation gives impact on instructors and pedagogues economically through the sum of rewards they receive. The sum additions compared to the epoch before globalization started. Harmonizing to NY Times ( 2011:2 ) , ‘the norm get downing salary for a Finnish instructor was $ 29,000 in 2008 ‘ . Traveling on, globalisation besides effects the employment of fresh alumnuss and pupils that have completed high schools in this epoch. Cantu ( 2003 ) has mentioned that ‘the lowest rewards for this decennary were for persons with some high school and no grade. The highest rewards throughout the decennary were for persons who had attained a professional grade. The educational degrees whose average rewards were the closest were Professional and Doctorate grades ‘ . It shows how importance is instruction to last in this urbanisation and competitory universe and to suit kids to the on the job universe. Cantu ( 2003 ) has said that ‘the more notable statistic is the fact that the less instruction a individual receives, the more likely they will be unemployed. While more instruction does non vouch employment, the higher the instruction degree, the more competitory a individual will be in the occupation market ‘ . However, taking Malaysia as an illustration, globalization has changed Malayan course of study in footings of boring pupils to memorize to giving pupils more chance to be originative and believe more critically. Norsiah Fauzan ( no date:173 ) has commented by stating ‘our educational system and course of study alterations its accent from memory based larning to an instruction that stimulates believing, creativeness, lovingness, providing for single abilities and larning manners ‘ . Norsiah Fauzan ( no date:173 ) adds, ‘we are seeking for a meaningful, socially responsible, multicultural, holistic and technological course of study beside looking for a more planetary manner to better the quality of instruction concentrating on values, attitudes and behaviour in a society full of diverseness particularly in footings of race and civilization ‘ . From my experience, I recall when I was a primary and secondary school pupils, I spent most of my clip analyzing for tes ts by memorising notes and even theoretical account essays. The purpose was no other than to go through tests with good Markss even though I did non to the full understand the lesson or the aim of analyzing subjects such as algebra and square root in Mathematics. As globalization and internalization are germinating quickly, the governments have decided that pupils need to be trained to be all-rounded and that instruction should learn pupils to pattern their cognition. In order to vie in the planetary universe, competence and accomplishments are of import. Other than that, because of globalisation, English has become an of import linguistic communication to the universe. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005 ) have cited, ‘English is quickly emerging as the preferable 2nd linguistic communication of most of the universe ‘ . The consequence on instruction is that English is one of the nucleus topics in most schools and universities across the universe. Apart from prioritising one ‘s ain native linguistic communication, to hold a good English proficiency is indispensable as it is a lingua franca to link with other states in the universe. Mohini Mohamed ( 2008:90 ) says that ‘the ground for utilizing English can be seen as useful in nature because they hope by geting and get the hanging English among their pupils can better their chance in the occupation market ‘ . Books, articles, diaries and cyberspace beginnings are largely published in English and assignments and undertaking plants at higher establishments are in E nglish. Students at schools study English literature poesy from assorted renowned poets such as Shakespeare and Dickens and some pupils major in Literature at higher instruction. They do non entirely larn their ain literature but besides literature of other civilizations in different states. Students in the English speech production states learn other esteemed linguistic communication such as Spanish and Gallic. Students besides learn about humanistic disciplines originated from other states such as the celebrated Masaccio ‘s and Leonardo da Vinci ‘s plants. All these are cogent evidence for ‘cultural hybridization ‘ that occurs due to globalization and universalisation. It refers to the ways in which parts of a civilization ( linguistic communication, patterns, and symbols ) are recombined with the other civilizations which happens a batch nowadays ( Macionis and Plummer, 2005 ) . Education in globalised universe, although it transfers cultural values, it can besides do societal inequalities and societal divisions. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005:521 ) have explained that ‘education becomes a agency for the reproduction of society ‘s inequalities: it can move as a agency of societal control, reenforcing credence of the position quo and may run to reproduce the position hierarchy ‘ . The state of affairs is normally occurred in private or elect schools. Students analyzing in private and elect schools are usually from affluent and high position households while those in national schools have mix household backgrounds. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005:517 ) has shown an illustration in British elite schools ‘such elect schools non merely learn academic topics, they besides convey to kids from affluent households the typical forms of address, idiosyncrasies and societal graces of British upper category ‘ . Parents pay expensive school fees to register their kids in elect schools. Social division occurs because elect school pupils have fewer opportunities to blend with working category pupils in the community. Their societal circle is restricted to pupils of similar societal criterions and backgrounds. Hence, they may make their ain perceptual experiences of pupils outside their societal circle without cognizing them which can take to downgrading others. In decision, globalization is so has helped a batch in the development of the educational sector. Although different authorities has different docket to better their instruction system, we are all working to accomplish the planetary instruction criterions and to bring forth planetary citizens. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005 ) have commented that ‘societies around the universe now have more contact with one another ; bask more cooperation, than of all time before. These planetary connexions involve the flow of goods, information and people ‘ . In the hereafter, I hope there will be more positive impacts on instruction from globalization and that the negative impacts can be reduced from clip to clip.